Civil Law

Partial compliance is noncompliance: Lessons from California’s $2.75 million settlement with Disney

On February 11, 2026, California Attorney General Rob Bonta announced a $ 2.75 million settlement with The Walt Disney Company (“Disney”), the largest civil penalty to date under the California Consumer Privacy Act as amended by the California Privacy Rights Act (collectively, “CCPA”), resolving claims that Disney’s opt-out mechanisms did not fully satisfy CCPA requirements. This settlement stems from California’s 2024 investigative sweep examining streaming services’ compliance with the CCPA.

The Attorney General’s complaint (“Complaint”) centered on Disney’s targeted advertising … Read the rest

Civil Law

You first!  Pay‑to-be-paid clauses upheld in marine liability insurance policies in UK: South African lessons

In November 2025 the UK Court of Appeal confirmed that a “pay-first” clause in a marine liability policy is valid when it accordingly prevents direct recovery by a third party from the insurer when the insured is unable to discharge its underlying liability.

Because the insured was insolvent, the court refused a direct claim by a third party under the UK Third Parties (Rights Against Insurers) Act 2010. The ruling matters for South African charterers, brokers and claimants because many local … Read the rest