Civil Law

It’s that time again: 2026 Works Council elections in Germany

Works Council elections 101: Understanding the basics for employers

Between 1 March and 31 May 2026, works council elections, which are held every four years in Germany, will take place in all companies that already have a works council. Moreover, if a company has several operations, each with its own works council, an election campaign and works council election will be held in each individual operation.

The upcoming works council elections are therefore a hot topic in Germany. In the … Read the rest

Civil Law

Morocco: INTERPOL’s 93rd General Assembly(Post 2 of 2)

INTERPOL is soon to host its 93rd General Assembly (GA) from the 24th to the 27th of November in Marrakech, Morocco. 

Each year, a different member country welcomes representatives from all over the world to discuss and vote on varying global law enforcement issues. Often, before an assembly, the Red Notice Law Journal discusses the country hosting, along with possible implications of its leaders’ influence. In this case, Morocco’s presence within INTERPOL appears to be relatively small. While the majority … Read the rest

Civil Law

You first!  Pay‑to-be-paid clauses upheld in marine liability insurance policies in UK: South African lessons

In November 2025 the UK Court of Appeal confirmed that a “pay-first” clause in a marine liability policy is valid when it accordingly prevents direct recovery by a third party from the insurer when the insured is unable to discharge its underlying liability.

Because the insured was insolvent, the court refused a direct claim by a third party under the UK Third Parties (Rights Against Insurers) Act 2010. The ruling matters for South African charterers, brokers and claimants because many local … Read the rest

Civil Law

Five major changes to the regulation of cybersecurity in the UK under the Cyber Security and Resilience Bill

As the UK Government has recognized, cyber incidents—such as Jaguar Land Rover, Marks and Spencer, Royal Mail and the British Library—are costing UK businesses billions annually and causing severe disruption. The Government recognizes that cybersecurity is a critical enabler of economic growth (“we cannot have growth without stability”), and that the current laws have “fallen out of date and are insufficient to tackle the cyber threats faced by the UK.” Accordingly the UK Government this week published its long-awaited Cyber … Read the rest

Civil Law

Getty Images v. Stability AI: English High Court Rejects Secondary Copyright Claim

The Court also found limited trademark infringement and seemingly departed from EU law.

By Sophie Goossens and Brett Shandler

On 4 November 2025, the High Court of England and Wales (the Court) handed down its long-awaited judgment in Getty Images v. Stability AI, a case brought by various entities in the Getty Images group as well as a contributor entity (collectively, Getty), essentially alleging that Stability AI had infringed IP rights asserted by Getty in the course of the … Read the rest

Civil Law

From PE Confusion to Clarity: NITI Aayog’s Push to Reform Profit Attribution Rules

From PE Confusion to Clarity: NITI Aayog’s Push to Reform Profit Attribution Rules

Summary: India’s tax framework has long posed challenges for foreign investors, particularly around PE and profit attribution rules. NITI Aayog’s working paper proposes a presumptive taxation scheme to simplify compliance and reduce litigation with respect to profit attribution. Through introducing sector-specific profit percentages to turnover, the working paper intends to offer clarity and ease administrative burdens. Its success, however, will hinge on setting realistic rates that are pragmatic and practicable and can balance revenue protection with investor appeal.

Background

India … Read the rest

Civil Law

How Will DoW Determine Which Level of CMMC Applies to My Agreement?

Now that the final Cybersecurity Maturity Model Certification (CMMC) Program and Procurement Rules have been issued by the Department of War (DoW) (see our CMMC Toolkit for in-depth analysis of these Rules) and the CMMC Program is set to begin in earnest, there is some uncertainty in industry as to how DoW will determine which level of CMMC should apply to a particular procurement, as well as when and how waivers will apply to CMMC requirements.  The Procurement Rule is … Read the rest

Civil Law

MAS to Singapore Fund Managers: You Better See What Is Happening with the VCC!

MAS to Singapore Fund Managers: You Better See What Is Happening with the VCC!

Summary: This blog is an insight into a circular issued by the Monetary Authority of Singapore on June 26, 2025, and addressed to chief executive officers of fund management entities in Singapore. Upon its release, it had caused a flutter among some fund management entities regarding the implications and intent behind the circular. We take a closer look at what it entails.

Introduction

Our previous blog [A variable capital “company”, or “fund”? | Private Client] was about the Variable Capital … Read the rest